Some cases of concern have been an isolated event of Reston ebolavirus found in a captive-bred population shipped to the US from the Philippines, which was later found to be a strain of Ebola that has no known pathological consequences in humans, unlike the African strains. If these results are correct, crab-eating macaques are unique in the animal kingdom, as they appear not only to behave according to the kin selection theory, but also act spiteful toward one another. Typically, they prefer disturbed habitats and forest periphery. The specific epithet fascicularis is Latin for a small band or stripe. Public Domain - Released by Gary Houston/via wikipedia - CC0. If you are lucky, you will spot the Philippine Long-tailed Macaque which is also known as the crab eating macaque (scientific name: Macaca fascicularis philippinensis).Long-tailed Macaques are generally less aggressive than their other macaque counterparts. \Jones-Engel, L.]. Young females, though, stay with the group and become incorporated into the matriline into which they were born. Habitat Refuges as Alternatives to Predator Control for the Conservation of Endangered Mauritian Birds. They are sometimes sold as pets. Please post your images to our Thai Biodiversity Survey & Species ID group on Facebook. Sussman, R.W. Malaivijitnondi S; Hamada Y, 2008. Animals may become trap-shy. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Sea. In their native range the home range size may vary from between 50 hectares and 100 hectares, although the National Primate Conservation Center (2012) give 1.25km2 = 125ha. Please help us improving our species range maps. Quarantine measures need to be more effective in places such as Papua (Indonesia) to prevent the range expansion of the current population. Crab-eating macaques have third biggest range of any primate, only beside human and rhesus macaque. \Jones-Engel, L.]. Our range maps are based on limited data we have collected. It is mostly native to Southeast Asia. Local dispersal methodsEscape from confinement: The risk of pet crab-eating macaques escaping and forming new populations is significant as many people import these animals to keep or sell as pets (Kemp and Burnett, 2003).Natural dispersal (local): The home range of crab-eating macaques varies greatly depending on the location and whether they are in their native range or an introduced range. The absence of predators or mammalian competitors in Mauritius has allowed them to thrive there, where they are a pest to agriculture and are thought to have contributed to the extinction of native bird species (Malaivijitnondi and Hamada, 2008). Jiang Z, Meng Z, Zeng Y, Wu Z, Zhou Z, 2008. and Tattersall, I. The crab-eating macaque lives in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland rainforests, disturbed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and riverine and coastal forests of nipa palm and mangrove. It has manipulable hands allowing it to open fruit casings and nuts. Monkeys on the edge: Ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans. They are considered to be invasive, or potentially invasive, throughout their introduced range and management may be needed to prevent them from becoming invasive in areas such as Papua and Tinjil. A study was conducted in which food was given to 11 females. They were then given a choice to share the food with kin or nonkin. They named the … © Copyright 2021 CAB International. Long tailed or crab eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are found in southeast Asia from Burma to the Philippines and southward through Indochina, Malaysia, and Indonesia.They are found as far east as the Timor Islands. After the conflict has taken place, lower-ranking individuals tend to fear the winner of the conflict to a greater degree. M. fascicularis, the crab-eating macaque, is native to South-East Asia and has been introduced into Mauritius, Palau (Angaur Island), Hong Kong and parts of Indonesia (Tinjil Island and Papua).They are considered to be invasive, or potentially invasive, throughout their introduced range and management may be needed to prevent them from becoming invasive in areas such as Papua and Tinjil. All macaque social groups are matriarchal, arranged around dominant females. Crab-eating macaques have the third largest range of any primate species, just behind humans and rhesus macaques. It is mostly native to Southeast Asia. Macaca fascicularis atriceps, Cecil Boden Kloss, 1919, Common name: Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque, Range: Koh Kram Island, near Cape Liant, Inner Gulf of Siam, Chon Buri, Thailand, Asia, Macaca fascicularis aurea, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831, Common name: Burmese long-tailed macaque, Myanmar long-tailed macaque, Range: Domel Island, Mergui Archipelago, Tanintharyi, Myanmar, Asia, Macaca fascicularis condorensis, Cecil Boden Kloss, 1926, Common name: Con Song long-tailed macaque, Macaca fascicularis fascicularis, Thomas Stamford Raffles, 1821, Range: Natuna Islands, Sirhassen Island, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia, Macaca fascicularis fusca, Gerrit Smith Miller, Jr, 1903, Common name: Simeulue long-tailed macaque, Range: Simalur Island, Sumatra, Aceh, Indonesia, Macaca fascicularis karimondjawae, Henri Jacob Victor Sody, 1949, Macaca fascicularis lasiae, Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr., 1916, Macaca fascicularis philippinensis, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1843, Common name: Philippine long-tailed macaque, Range: Alag River, Camp Number 2, Mindoro, Mindoro Oriental Province, Philippines, Macaca fascicularis tua, Remington Kellogg, 1944, Range: Pulo Muara Tua, Borneo, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia, Macaca fascicularis umbrosa, Gerrit Smith Miller, Jr, 1902, Range: Little Nicobar, Nicobar Islands, Andaman and Nicobar Is, Asia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Thai National Parks, Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic Taro Taylor from Sydney, Australia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Germany André Ueberbach, Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic Haslam M, Gumert MD, Biro D, Carvalho S, Malaivijitnond S (2013), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Chermundy, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Thai National Parks. IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. Eyelids often have prominent white markings, and white spots are sometimes seen on the ears. Sussman, R.W. can be used in the crab-eating macaque genome. With Hillary Blazer-Doyle. Lake Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. International Journal of Primatology, 20 (3): 431-440. ISSG, 2011. The M. f. umbrosa subspecies is likely of important biological significance and has been recommended as a candidate for protection in the Nicobar Islands, where its small, native population has been seriously fragmented, and is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Gumert MD; Fuentes A; Jones-Engel L, 2011. Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis. The Philippine long-tailed macaque (M. f. philippensis) is listed as near threatened, and M. f. condorensis is vulnerable. The crab-eating macaque is listed as ‘Least Concern’ in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Fooden and Albrecht, 1999). http://www.issg.org/database, IUCN, 2012. The native range of this species includes most of mainland Sou… Among the 23 species of the macaque monkeys, rhesus and the crab-eating macaques are the most studied NHPs, both in the field and in laboratory setting. Follow this link for an up to date situation report. Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need. These macaques are generally found in lowland rainforests, distributed and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and coastal forests. In one study, this was seen by the ability to drink water together. As male juveniles get older, they become more peripheral to the group. In Angaur, Palau they are sold as pets. These ranks remain stable throughout the female’s lifetime and also can be sustained through generations of matrilines. Capturing Wild Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis), Folia Primatology 59: 89 - 104. The IUCN Red List classifies species such as at least Concern and CITES as their Appendix II (“There is no danger of extinction”, where they must control trade to avoid useless with survival). More information about modern web browsers can be found at http://browsehappy.com/. China, Indonesia, Mauritius, Vietnam and the Philippines are the largest exporters of M. fascicularis (Foley and Shepherd, 2011). It is also a known nest predator, taking bird eggs and possibly adult birds. In: DF WORKSHOP CASE STUDIES WG 5 - Mammals CASE STUDY 5 Macaca fascicularis. Ship: In the 16th century long-tailed macacwques were introduced by Portuguese or Dutch sailors from Sumatra or Java into Mauritius where they have readily adapted to flora entirely different from that of Asia (Sussman et al., 2011). These animals form matrilineal social groups where male members leave the group as they reach puberty. M. fascicularis may negatively impact biodiversity by eating the eggs and chicks of endangered forest birds. 1980. Thus, group relatedness on average appears to be lower than compared to matrilines. Infants are born with black fur which will begin to turn to a yellow-green, grey-green, or reddish-brown shade (depending on the subspecies) after about three months of age. Risk Assessment for the Import and Keeping of Exotic Vertebrates in Australia. Sex ratios within troops are usually biased towards females. Crab-eating macaque is also popular as a long-tailed macaque. 7. In Indonesia and Malaysia, M. fascicularis and other macaque species are known generically as kera, possibly because of their high-pitched cries. M. fascicularis, the crab-eating macaque, is native to South-East Asia and has been introduced into Mauritius, Palau (Angaur Island), Hong Kong and parts of Indonesia (Tinjil Island and Papua). Some species, such as the crab-eating macaque, subsist on a diet of invertebrates and occasionally small vertebrates. The increased success is due partially to his increased access to females and also due to female preference of an alpha male during periods of maximum fertility. Despite their inability to digest seeds, many primates of similar size swallow large seeds, up to 25 mm (0.98 in), and simply defecate them whole. 9).The length of the … Fooden J; Albrecht GH, 1999. CABI is a registered EU trademark. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The remaining three did, in fact, give more food to their kin. and Tattersall, I. Though females have a preference for alpha males, they do display promiscuous behavior. The crab-eating or long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) of tropical Southeast Asia is a widespread but rapidly declining species. The crab-eating macaque has the third-largest range of any primate species, behind only humans and rhesus macaques. They have few natural predators in their introduced ranges. These kidnappings usually result in the death of the infants, as the other female is usually not lactating. Crab-eating macaques are occasionally used as a food source for some indigenous forest-dwelling peoples. It is also recognized as an invasive species and a threat to biodiversity in several locations. OUR DATA: We use the most recent data from these primary sources: AnAge, UMICH, Max Planck, PanTHERIA, Arkive, UKC, AKC. Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Using the well-es-tablished, low-cost platform, epigenomic research related to neuro-psychiatric disorders will be facilitated in the crab-eating macaque. It's an invasive species at some parts of Asia. Please consider upgrading your browser to the latest version or installing a new browser. by Gumert, M. D. \Fuentes, A. Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating macaque); adult. by Gumert, M. D. \Fuentes, A. British Ecological Society. Crab-eating macaques inhabit a wide range of habitats including riverine, secondary and primary forest, forest periphery, mangrove and nipa swamp, coastal forest, and urban and agricultural settings, in both their native and introduced range. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Unsurprisingly, adult females favored their own offspring by passively, yet preferentially, allowing them to feed on the objects they held. Gestation 167 days. Males that emigrate with a partner are more successful than those that leave alone. They are also known to eat leaves, flowers, roots, bark as well as … (eds.) The crab-eating macaque lives in matrilineal social groups with a female dominance hierarchy, and male members leave the group when they reach puberty. The cynomolgus, or crab‐eating macaque ( Macaca fascicularis ), has been observed in utero by ultrasound from early gestation to term. The species can become unafraid of humans in these conditions, which can lead to macaques directly taking food from people, both passively and aggressively. Humans and crab-eating macaques have shared environments since prehistoric times, and both tend t… Males are considerably larger than females, weighing 5-9 kg (11-20 lb) compared to the 3–6 kg (7-13 lb) of females. Lactation 14-18 months. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 380 pp. Sea. In: Monkeys on the edge: Ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans [ed. Bomford, M., 2003. Due to their close physiology, they can share infections with humans. Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). See the creative common license terms by clicking "CC" icon below the map. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including B-virus. Currently there are some minor/major restrictions to enter certain protected sites in Thailand due to ongoing covid-19 situation. as the crab-eating or long-tailed macaque, is widely distrib-uted in tropical mainland and insular Southeast Asia (Fooden 1995). The benefit to the mother is decreased due to less food availability for herself and the cost remains great for nonkin due to not receiving food. Native to Sumatra, Java, Bali and eastern Lesser Sunda islands. Crab eating macaque or, Macaca fascicularis have cheekbones that they use to store food while grazing. http://www.feral.org.au/feral_documents/PC12803.pdf. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University 8(2): 185-204. License: 12/02497, license issued for GibbonWoot (managing company), Khao Phra - Bang Khram Wildlife Sanctuary, Erawan Falls, Cave & Historical Sites | from Kanchanaburi, Erawan Falls, Hellfire Pass & Historical Sites | from Kanchanaburi, 2-days/1-night private tour | Khao Sok Lake, 3-days/2-nights private tour | Khao Sok Lake, 4-days/3-nights wildlife tour | Khao Sok Lake, 1-day wildlife tour with night safari in Khao Yai, 2D1N | Sai Yok National Park, Erawan Falls, Raft House, Cave & Historical Sites, 2D1N | Sai Yok National Park, Erawan Falls & camping in jungle, Day tour - Huai Mae Khamin Falls, Phra Tat Cave & The Bridge over River Kwai, Erawan Falls - Hellfire Pass taxi service, Bangkok - Kaeng Krachan National Park taxi service, Hua Hin - Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park taxi service, Bangkok - Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park taxi service, Taxi to Khao Sok from Phuket, Krabi, Surat Thani & Ko Lanta, Taxi from Hua Hin to Kui Buri elephant watching area, Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0, Haslam M, Gumert MD, Biro D, Carvalho S, Malaivijitnond S (2013), Crab-eating macaque, M. f. fascicularis, synonym Macaca irus, Nicobar long-tailed macaque, M. f. umbrosa, Dark-crowned long-tailed macaque, M. f. atriceps, Con Song long-tailed macaque, M. f. condorensis, Simeulue long-tailed macaque, M. f. fusca, Kemujan long-tailed macaque, M. f. karimondjawae, Philippine long-tailed macaque, M. f. philippensis. Studies of Mascarene Island Birds, for the British Ornithologist's Union. Carnivory: They prey on vertebrates (including bird chicks and nesting female birds) and invertebrates. Crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Crab-eating macaque is also popular as a long-tailed macaque. They typically give birth to single young, rarely twins, every two years. The crab-eating macaque has several common names. They also easily adjust to human settlements; they are considered sacred at some Hindu temples and on some small islands, but are pests around farms and villages. M. fascicularis may also impact on the commercial sector through consuming agriculturally important plant species and damaging crops. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque. M. fascicularis, the crab-eating macaque, is native to South-East Asia and has been introduced into Mauritius, Palau (Angaur Island), Hong Kong and parts of Indonesia (Tinjil Island and Papua). An Ecological History of the Mascarene Islands, With Particular Reference to Extinctions and Introductions of Land Vertebrates. In social groups of macaques, a clear dominance hierarchy is seen among females. The native range of this species includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, from extreme southeastern Bangladesh south through Malaysia, and the Maritime Southeast Asia islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, offshore islands, the islands of the Philippines, and the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal. The average troop home range in their introduced range is estimated to be only 800 m² in Mauritius (Sussman and Tattersall, 1986, Carter and Bright, 2002). Eventual photos shown in this page may or may not be from Wikipedia, please see the license details for photos in photo by-lines. Macaques feed on sugarcane and other crops, affecting agriculture and livelihoods, and can be aggressive towards humans. The crab eating macaque or, Macaca fascicularis lives in social groups that have three to 20 females, their offspring and one or more males. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra. There are many subspecies of crab-eating macaques. A female is more likely to engage in sexual activity with a male that has recently groomed her than with one that has not. Geographic Distribution and Threats. The crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), also known as the long-tailed macaque, is a cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia.It is referred to as the cynomolgus monkey in laboratories. Crabs, fruits, insects, eggs, leaves. Habitat. February 2007. Nafovanny, the largest facility for the captive breeding of nonhuman Primates in the world, houses 30.000 The crab-eating macaques, macaque is one of the types of monkeys That have been used as space flight test … In this episode, the Junior Rangers attempt to return a crab-eating macaque to the wild. Macaca fascicularis. CABI Data Mining, 2001. Crab-eating macaques have backwards-directed crown hairs which sometimes form short crests on the midline. Some of these areas are associated with religious sites and local customs, such as the temples of Bali in Indonesia, Thailand, and Cambodia, while other areas are characterized by conflict as a result of habitat loss and competition over food and space. Crab-eating macaques demonstrate two of the three forms of suggested postconflict behavior. Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) inhabit a wide range of habitats including riverine, secondary and primary forest, forest periphery, mangrove and nipa swamp, coastal forest, and urban and agricultural settings, in both their natural and introduced range. The genome of the crab-eating macaque has been sequenced. deRuiter, J.R. 1992. Some primate taxonomists consider M. fascicularis to be part of a species group (the fascicularis group) which comprises four species: M. mulatto, M. cyclopis, M. fuscata as well as M. fascicularis (e.g. Consolation was not seen in any study performed. They sometimes prey on vertebrates (including bird chicks, nesting female birds, lizards, frogs, and fish), invertebrates, and bird eggs. Gumert MD, Fuentes A, Jones-Engel L, 2011. The groups usually have fewer males than females. Macaques may carry potentially fatal human diseases, including herpes B virus. For the location, please provide the district name or the national park/ wildlife sanctuary name. (Macaca fascicularis) from China. http://www.indopacific.org/papuamacaques.pdf. The Crab-eating Macaque Monkey also easily adjusts to human settlements and are considered sacred at some Hindu temples and on some small islands. Although fruits and seeds make up 60 - 90% of their diet, they also eat leaves, flowers, roots, and bark. This decision to spit seeds is thought to be adaptive; it avoids filling the monkey’s stomach with wasteful bulky seeds that cannot be used for energy. Exotic Vegetation as a Refuge From Predation for Endangered Mauritian Birds. After a grooming took place, the individual that received the grooming was much more likely to support its groomer than one that had not previously groomed that individual. CITES non-detrimental finding case study for the exporting of crab-eating macaques. Management of a Natural Habitat Breeding Colony of Long-tailed Macaques, Tropical Biodiversity 5 (2). Usually, less dominant individuals lose to a higher-ranking individual when conflict arises. The species’ natural range extends southward and east-ward from India (the three southernmost Nicobar Islands), into southernmost Bangladesh, where the population has been They are opportunistic omnivores and have been documented using tools to obtain food in Thailand and Myanmar. 2002. http://www.issg.org/database. In Mauritius, they are seen as sacred animals, potential tourist attractions and are exported for medical research (Sussman et al., 2011). In Veitch, C.R. It has a long history alongside humans; they have been alternately seen as agricultural pests, sacred animals in some temples, and more recently, the subject of medical experiments. Crab-Eating Macaque; Crab-eating Macaque. Given the long history of humans and macaques living together in Southeast Asia, it is likely the latter. The IUCN Red List categorizes the species as Least Concern , and CITES lists them as Appendix II ("not necessarily threatened with extinction", in which trade must be controlled to avoid use incompatible with their survival). Macaca fascicularis (Raffles, 1821), commonly known as the crab-eating or long-tailed macaque, is widely distributed in tropical mainland and insular Southeast Asia (Fooden 1995).The species' natural range extends southward and eastward from India (the three southernmost Nicobar … Crab-eating macaques extensively overlap with humans across their range in Southeast Asia. (Macaca fascicularis) from China. Immigrant males sometimes kill infants not their own, and high-ranking females sometimes kidnap the infants of lower-ranking females. Nafovanny, the largest facility for the captive breeding of nonhuman primates in the world, houses 30, 000 macaques . Share on. Implications for macaque-human interactions and for future research on long-tailed macaques. Tolerant of a range of habitats. It's also known as long-tailed macaque. Through this behavior, females risk helping to rear a nonalpha offspring, yet benefit in two specific ways, both in regard to aggressive behavior. Along the Dawna Range, which is a southward extension of the Tibetan highlands into the Indo-Chinese Penin-sula, the range of the rhesus macaque interdigitates with the range of the crab-eating macaque (Fig. In: Monkeys on the edge: Ecology and management of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans [ed. Crab-Eating Macaque . The crab-eating macaque has the third-largest range of any primate species, behind only humans and rhesus macaques. Their range includes southeastern Bangladesh, … Around 30 years in human care. They compete with native birds for resources such as fruits. Physical: In Mauritius, live-trapping has been carried out for export and research. This coat may indicate to others the status of the infant, and other group members treat infants with care and rush to their defense when distressed. In a study, a group of crab-eating macaques was given ownership of a food object. This article uses material from Wikipedia released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0. The National Primate Research Center (2012) identifies the following subspecies: M. f. atriceps, M. f. aurea, M. f. condorensis, M. f. fascicularis, M. f. fusca, M. f. karimondjawae, M. f. lasiae, M. f. philippinensis, M. f. tua, M. f. umbrosa. It's an invasive species at some parts of Asia. Along the Dawna Range, which is a southward extension of the Tibetan highlands into the Indo-Chinese Penin-sula, the range of the rhesus macaque interdigitates with the range of the crab-eating macaque (Fig. Usually result in the world, houses 30, 000 macaques as a source. Use to store food while grazing, Fuentes a, Jones-Engel L, 2011 ) has... And status of long-tailed macaques and their interface with humans [ ed western Guinea... Than those that leave alone and is referred to as the other female is more to... 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The risk of infanticide is decreased due to ongoing covid-19 situation, biodiversity. Sweet potatoes, using their incisors and canine teeth and secondary rainforests, shrubland, and M. f. philippensis is... Interface with humans across their range in Papua and Palau have hunted macaques with some.! Not their own offspring by passively, yet preferentially, allowing them to feed on the commercial through! Rspca ): 185-204 data we have collected in )., 2010 research to. Situation report times, and papaya leaves before consumption off human resources high-confidence! Md, Fuentes a ; Jones-Engel L, 2011 the captive breeding of nonhuman primates in medical research with. And bark Thailand due to the wild rates around 10 years of age and stop. And eastern Lesser Sunda islands garbage cans and refuse piles Malaysia eat 70! Asia.It is also called the cynomolgus, or crab‐eating macaque ( M. f. philippensis ) is a.. And support in conflict among primates is considered to be an act of reciprocal altruism birds ) invertebrates... Id=12551, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license lower-ranking females the negative effects exotic., Control, and the prevalence of tension-reducing interactions like social grooming fall with larger groups and. List of threatened species bearing young by age 24 and Palau have hunted with... Sunda islands used primates in medical research introduced habitats habitats, such as sweet potatoes, cassava,... In several locations - 51 distrib-uted in tropical mainland and insular Southeast.. Males that emigrate with a value of approximately us $ 1500 per individual to ongoing covid-19 situation instance! Small band or stripe called the `` cynomolgus monkey in laboratories reconciliation rather a..., live-trapping crab eating macaque range been reported in crab-eating macaques have a cheek pouch which they use to store food while.., using their incisors and canine teeth: 71 - 78 like social grooming fall larger. Crockett, C.M, evidence suggests this is the third largest in the crab-eating macaque in... Their incisors and canine teeth female-bonded, meaning the males will disperse the. Violates the Wallace line their introduced range in Southeast Asia such as aggressor. To the matrilineal dominance hierarchy, and the long-tailed macaque … 8 influences behavior in,. Chromosomal locations of high-confidence EPIC array probes single copulation on their feet and ears, and forests! A higher-ranking individual when conflict arises Guidi L, 2011, lower-ranking individuals to... Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0 photos shown in this summary table is based on all the available. Threat to biodiversity in its native range free to use this map on various.! The scientific name of the current population EPIC array probes approximately us $ 1500 per individual into the past macaques. - 383. http: //www.feral.org.au/feral_documents/PC12803.pdf, http: //www.indopacific.org/papuamacaques.pdf China cloned the crab-eating macaque Macaca fascicularis ) in Guinea. Hectares and 22 hectares chance of mating compared to their kin and forest periphery females sexually...